Important Reagent Formulas

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A. IMPORTANT REAGENT:
1. dil H₂SO₄ [or Cone. H₂SO₄] + H₂O]
Use → Hydrating agent (+HOH)

(c) Kuchroves reaction

2. aq. KOH or moist Ag₂O or aq. AgOH
Use → [-X → -OH] or + OH

3. alc. KOH or NaNH₂ [Use → -HX]

4. Isomerisation Reagents of hydrocarbons
For alkene → AlCl₃ / HCl
For alkene → Al₂(SO₄)₃
– ale KOH
For alkyne – (to form disubstituent alkyne)
– NaNH₂ (to form terminal alkyne)

5. R-X

6. Zn dust Use → (a)(For – X₂)
(b) For deoxygenation

7. HNO₂ Use → (-NH₂ → – OH)

Diff. reactions:

8. Cu or ZnO /300° C

9. CH₂N₂ Use → (for + -CH₂ (group))

10. Soda Lime NaOH + CaO
Use – for decarboxylation (emits -COOH or-CO₂)

B. IMPORTANT ANHYDRATING REAGENTS:

2. P₂O₅ Use

3. Anhy. ZnCl₂ Use → In Grove

4. Al₂O₃ Alumina use: →

5. KHSO₄

6. Dry HCl gas use →

7. Cone. H₂SO₄ use →

C. IMP. OXIDISING REAGENTS:
1. Alkaline KMnO₄ (Strong oxidant)
Toluene → Benzoic acid

2. Acidic KMnO₄ (Strong oxidant)

3. Bayer’s Regent
1% alkaline KMnO₄ (Weak oxidant)
Use: → For test of > C = C < or – C ≡ C –

4. O₃ Use → In determination of position of
> C = C < or – C ≡ C^–

5. Acidic K₂Cr₂O₇ (Strong oxidant)

6. CrO₂Cl₂

7. Br₂ Water use: → For test of unsaturation

8. Alkaline H₂O₂ use →

(In brief Anti MR HOH on alkene or alkyne)

NOTE: Oxidation series
Alkane → Alc → Aid. or ketone →
Carboxylic acid → CO₂

D. IMP. REDUCING REAGENTS:
1. SnCl₂/HCl or Sn/HCl use → for redⁿ of nitrobenzene in acidic medium.

2. Zn/NH₄Cl or A1 – Hg/NH₄Cl use →
for reduction of nitrobenzene in neutral medium

3. Red P/HI
RCOR or RCOOH or RCHO or ROH or

Note:

4. Zn – Cu / EtOH or Na – Hg (or Al – Hg)/EtOH
R – X + 2H → RH + HX

5. Zn – Hg / cone. HCl

6. LiAiH₄ (Strong reductant)

7. Na/C₂H₅OH

E. IMP. CATALYST:
1. Diastase (1) Maltase (2) Zymase (3)

2. Invertase (1) Zymase (2)

3. Raney Ni ⇒ Ni powder + Rescent H or Ni – Al/NaOH

4. Lindlar’s Catalyst = Pd/CaCO₃ + in small quantity (CH₃COO)₂Pb

5. BF₃:

6. BF₃.HgO:

7. BF₃.H₂O:

8. Hg⁺² Use → In Kucherov’s reaction:

9. FeCl₃ (Lewis Acid):

10. Anhy AlCl₃ (Lewis Acid):
use: → In Friedel Craft reaction

11. Pd/BaSO₄, Pd = Catalyst, :
BaSO₄ = Cat. poision

12. (A) Cu₂X₂/HX → Sandmair reaction
(B) Cu powder/HX → Gattermann reaction

13. ThO₂ (Thorieo):

14. SiO₂ (Silica):

15. (C₂H₅O)₃ Al, AlCl₃ in Tischenko reaction.

16. Ziegler – Natta Catalyst (C₂H₅)₃ Al + TiCl₄
Use → In Addition polymerisation

17. Anhy. ZnCl₂:

18. Co Use → In oxo of formylation of carboxylation reaction:

19. Ni
(a) In SS reaction:

20. (C₆H₅)₃ P + Ni (CO)₄:

21. dry ether:

(3) In Wurtz reaction
(4) In Wurtz Fitting reaction

22. Acetone:
Use: → In Finkelstein reaction

23. C₂H₅ONa:
Use: → (a) In Gurbet condensation
(b) In Claisen Ester condensation

24. ZnO + Cr₂O₃:

25. Pyridine:
Use → In Darzon process

26. Kisselghur process:

27. CHCl₃ + ale. KOH → _x^xCCl₂:
use:
(a) In Reimer Tiemannformylation
(b) In Hoffmann carbyl amine reaction.

28. Neutral FeCl₃

PHYSICAL STATE OF COMPOUNDS:
g → gas, l → liquid, s → solid,
CH₄ → g, C₂H₆ → g, CH₂ = CH₂ → g, CH ≡ CH → g,
CH₃Cl → g, CH₃BR → Poisonous g, CH₃ I → l,
CH₃CHCl₂ → l, CH₂Cl – CH₂Cl → Sweet smell l,
CHCl₃ → Sweet smell l, CHBr₃ → l, CHI₃ → pale yellow S,
CH₃OH → l, C₂H₅OH → l, Et₂O → l, HCHO → g,
CH₃CHO → l, CH₃COCH₃ → l, CH₃COOH → l,
HCOOH → l, CH₃COCl → Volatile l,
CH₃CONH₂ → crystalline compound (S), (CH₃CO)₂O → l,
CH₃COOC₃H₅ → l, CH₃NH₂ → g, C₂H₅NH₂ → g,
Urea → Crystalline S, C₆H₅ → colourless l,
C₆H₅NH₂ → Colourless l, C₆H₅OH → white crystalline S,
C₆H₅NO₂ → Pale yellow oily l, C₆H₅CHO → l,
C₆H₅COOH → white crystalline S.

MAIN USE OF COMPOUNDS :
Alkane → fuel, Alkene → polymer,
Alkyne → Solvents making like westron, Westrosol,
General alkyl halide → as solvents, CHCl₃ → Anaesthetic,
Germicide, CH₃ → Antiseptic & deodorant,
CCl₄ → Pyrene & Fire distinguser, CH₃OH → Antifreeze,
Deforming of alcohol, C₂H₅OH → Tonic, wine preparation
Power alcohol, C₂H₅-O-C₂H₅ → Anesthetic,
Natellite, HCHO → Formamint medicine,
CH₃CHO → Antiseptic, CH₃COCH₃ → as solvent,
CH₃COOH → Vinegar, HCOOH → (Coagulation of Latex)
CH₃COCl → Acetylant, (CH₃CO)₂O → Acctylant,
Celulose acetate, CH₃CONH₂ → for C ↓
CH₃COOC₂H₅ → Artificial silk & flavour,
CH₃NH₂ → Refrigerating agent,
C₂H₅NH₂ → in development of photography, Urea → Fertilizing,
C₆H₅Cl₆ → Germicide & Gamaxen,
C₆H₅NH₂ → Preparation of dyes, C6H5OH → HPh,
Picric acid C₆H₅NO₂ → In FCR use as a solvent,
C₆H₅CHO → Preparation of dyes,
C₆H₅COOH → Na-salt preservation of food.

SMELL OF SOME COMPOUNDS :
CH₃COOC₂H₅ → Fruity, CHCl₃, CH₃I, C₂H₅I → Sweet smell
C₆H₅NO₂ & C₆H₅CHO → Like bitter almonds
CH₃COOH → Like vinegar, HCHO, CH₃CHO,
CH₃COCl → Pungent
CH₃NH₂ & C₂H₅NH₂ → Fishy,
Impure CH₃CONH₂ → mice like, ROH → wine
RNCS → Mustard oil, methyl salicylate → wintergreen oil,
RNC → Fowl smell

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